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[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ admin_label=”Categories” _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.16″ locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.25.1″ header_2_font=”Montserrat|700|||||||” header_2_text_color=”#000000″ header_2_font_size=”70px” header_2_line_height=”1.2em” z_index=”2″ max_width=”750px” header_2_font_size_tablet=”48px” header_2_font_size_phone=”36px” header_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|desktop” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n
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Year 2025<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” admin_label=”Row” _builder_version=”4.16″ width=”100%” max_width=”none” module_alignment=”center” min_height=”1030px” custom_margin=”32px|auto|0px|auto|false|false” custom_padding=”0px|||5%|false|false” custom_padding_tablet=”|10%||10%|false|true” custom_padding_phone=”” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ background_enable_image=”off” custom_padding=”320px|20px|20px|20px|false|true” custom_padding_tablet=”20vw||||false|true” custom_padding_phone=”40vw||||false|true” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|desktop” link_option_url=”#” box_shadow_style=”preset3″ box_shadow_vertical=”0px” box_shadow_blur=”0px” box_shadow_spread=”0px” box_shadow_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” box_shadow_vertical_last_edited=”off|desktop” global_colors_info=”{}” background__hover_enabled=”on|hover” use_background_color_gradient__hover=”on” background_color_gradient_start__hover=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” background_color_gradient_end__hover=”rgba(0,0,0,0.73)” background_color_gradient_overlays_image__hover=”on” box_shadow_vertical__hover_enabled=”on|hover” box_shadow_color__hover_enabled=”on” box_shadow_color__hover=”rgba(255,159,87,0.51)” box_shadow_blur__hover_enabled=”on” box_shadow_spread__hover_enabled=”on” box_shadow_vertical__hover=”40px” box_shadow_blur__hover=”90px” box_shadow_spread__hover=”-30px” transform_styles__hover_enabled=”on|hover” transform_scale__hover_enabled=”on|hover” transform_translate__hover_enabled=”on|hover” transform_rotate__hover_enabled=”on|hover” transform_skew__hover_enabled=”on|hover” transform_origin__hover_enabled=”on|hover” transform_scale__hover=”103%|103%” background_color_gradient_stops__hover=”rgba(0,0,0,0) 0%|rgba(0,0,0,0.73) 100%”][et_pb_accordion _builder_version=”4.25.1″ custom_margin=”-249px||77px|||” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″][et_pb_accordion_item title=”\u2018At Least\u2019 the Registered Office. Regulatory Arbitrage, European Company Law, and the Role of Harmonization1″ _builder_version=”4.25.1″ link_option_url=”http:\/\/businesslawjournal.rsbl.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/02_-Nicola-de-Luca.pdf” link_option_url_new_window=”on” global_colors_info=”{}” open=”off”]<\/p>\n
<\/strong><\/p>\n Author:<\/strong> Proffessor PhD <\/span><\/i><\/i><\/b>Nicola de LUCA<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span>Vanvitelli University and Luiss University Rome\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n Abstract: <\/b>Analysing the wording of art. 86b Dir. (EU) 1132\/2017, passed in 2019 and to be implemented by 2023, the article addresses the issue of connecting factors for companies in Europe, as elements capable of defining their nationality and, therefore, the applicable law. It is argued that the mentioned rule has in fact superseded that of the affirmed equivalence before the treaty, as connecting factors, of the registered office, the location of the central administration or the principle place of business, granting prevalence to the first factor: this puts in serious doubts the viability of the real seat criterion, still adopted by some Member States. Indeed, the authority of Member States to impose their own corporate legislation on foreign or even formally-foreign companies, as shown in the recent case relating to the Tor Crescenza Castle (Edil Work), can only be an exception, permissible if motivated by overriding reasons in the public interest. Thus, the risk of a race to the bottom between legal systems, discussed in the US, arises in Europe too, as is demonstrated, e.g., by the emigration of Italian listed companies to the Netherlands in search for a more favourable legislation granting multiple votes to shareholders not holding a real majority. An issue on which a harmonisation at EU level may be desirable, in an attempt to avoid spontaneous convergence on rules potentially harmful for minorities.<\/p>\n Keywords: <\/b>European Company Law, Connecting Factors, Real Seat Theory, Incorporation Theory, Registered Office, Harmonizations, Convergence.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n DOI: 10.24818\/EBLJ\/2025\/4\/1.01\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_accordion_item][et_pb_accordion_item title=”The European business Code and the Program of the new EU Commission \u201eEurope\u2018s Choice\u201c 2024-2029″ open=”off” _builder_version=”4.25.1″ link_option_url=”http:\/\/businesslawjournal.rsbl.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/03_SENSBURG.pdf” link_option_url_new_window=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n Prof. Dr. Patrick Ernst Sensburg, M.A.<\/strong><\/p>\n University of Applied Sciences for Police and Public Administration in Cologne<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Abstract:<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n With its “Europe’s Choice” program for 2024\u20132029, the European Commission is focusing on sustainable prosperity, competitiveness, and stronger European integration. In this context the European Business Code is intended to deepen economic integration and strengthen the single market. The idea of \u200b\u200ba unified European business law has been discussed for years and is supported by reports such as the Draghi Report and the Letta Report. Both emphasize the need to reduce regulatory hurdles and offer companies greater legal certainty. A European Business Code could exist as an optional “28th regime” alongside national law and, in particular, facilitate access to the single market for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Working groups have presented drafts for areas such as company law, e-commerce, banking and financial market law, labor law, and tax law written down in 13 books. The aim is a streamlined, easily understandable set of rules that can be used as an option (“opt-in”). Implementation could be phased in, initially as a voluntary option for companies, and later potentially as binding EU law. In a two-speed Europe first member states around Germany, France and Romania can go forward with a regulation. <\/em><\/p>\n Keywords: <\/b>European Business code, Draghi Report, Letta Report, <\/em>Europe’s Choice, sustainable prosperity, competitiveness, 28th<\/sup>regime. <\/em><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_accordion_item][et_pb_accordion_item title=”TACKLING THE EU\u2019S CORPORATE SUSTAINABILITY DUE DILIGENCE DIRECTIVE AND HUMAN RIGHTS ASPECTS” _builder_version=”4.25.1″ link_option_url=”http:\/\/businesslawjournal.rsbl.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/04_Laura-Cristiana-SPATARU-NEGURA.pdf” link_option_url_new_window=”on” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” open=”off” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n Author: Associate Professor <\/i><\/b>Laura-Cristiana SP\u0102TARU-NEGUR\u0102<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n DOI: 10.24818\/EBLJ\/2024\/3\/1.03<\/strong><\/p>\n Abstract: <\/b>Acting as a corporate lawyer in Romania and advising companies regarding day-to-day activities is sometimes a very complex and demanding job, especially when it raises problems related to the EU law compliance.<\/em><\/p>\n The first time we personally came across the EU law in our clients\u2019 activities was with the task of implementing the General Data Protection Regulation. At that moment, we thought that all our theoretical knowledge will be finally put in practice, and we were very happy about it.<\/em><\/p>\n Nowadays the European legislator gave us another challenge \u2013 to implement in 2025 the EU\u2019s Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CSDDD) into (EU) large companies. We really appreciate this task, because, unfortunately, emphasis should be made on human rights and climate change problems, because there are realities that are threatening our mere existence, and they cannot be ignored anymore.<\/em><\/p>\n In our humble opinion, although the World Health Organization challenges us with the ‘One Health’ approach (taken also into account by this Directive), Member States are failing to do what is necessary to counteract human rights and climate change violations, reason for which the international organizations must take the lead in order to ensure a bright future that is worth living for the future generations on Earth.<\/em><\/p>\n Although not intended to be an exhaustive presentation of this piece of legislation and of its implications, but a first introductory approach on this topic, this study shall attempt to tackle the EU\u2019s Corporate Sustainability Due-diligence Directive.<\/em><\/p>\n Keywords: <\/b>companies, corporate sustainability, CSDDD, due diligence, ESG, <\/span>EU law, human rights.<\/span><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_accordion_item][et_pb_accordion_item title=”Legal consequences of exceeding the limits of the mandate given to the director with the solidarity clause inserted in the approved mortgage agreement” _builder_version=”4.25.1″ link_option_url=”http:\/\/businesslawjournal.rsbl.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/05_Viorel-Liviu.pdf” link_option_url_new_window=”on” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” open=”off” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n Author: <\/strong>A<\/p>\n PhD University Assistant Liviu-Alexandru VIOREL<\/strong><\/p>\n Faculty of Law – Academy of Economic Studies<\/p>\n Managing Associate, Mu\u0219at & Asocia\u021bii<\/p>\n Abstract:<\/b><\/p>\n This paper aims to address the issue of concluding a mortgage agreement incorporating a solidarity clause in lack of a Shareholders Meeting Resolution of approving such solidarity clause.<\/em><\/p>\n This hypothesis raises several questions.<\/em><\/p>\n Which prevails, the statutory director\u2019s right or the limited special mandate given by the General Meeting of the Shareholders? Is the director allowed to <\/strong>sign the mortgage agreement exceeding the limits of the mandate based on the general mandate given by the company <\/strong>prevailing on his capacity as director<\/strong>?<\/em><\/p>\n Is the company engaged<\/strong> in what concerns the solidarity<\/strong> clause<\/strong> inserted in the mortgage agreement concluded with the bank if the latter knew director powers were exceeded?<\/em><\/p>\n Is it conceivable to remedy<\/strong> the defect by subsequently issuing a resolution<\/strong> of the general meeting of shareholders approving the solidarity clause after<\/strong> the signing<\/strong> of the mortgage<\/strong> agreement? Would that cover<\/strong> the initial deficiency?<\/em><\/p>\n Given the fact that the solidarity clause was not approved by the Shareholders, would such a clause be deemed to be valid<\/strong>?<\/em><\/p>\n Would a decision issues by the syndic judge on the contestation to the table of receivable<\/strong> of the bankrupt company have res judicata as oppsosed to a subsequent claim for ascertaining nullity of the solidarity clause inserted in the mortgage agreement?<\/em><\/p>\n Would a third party to the mortgage agreement have legal standing capacity and interest to claim ascertaining the nullity of the solidarity clause?<\/em><\/p>\n I will try to address all of this in this article.<\/em><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Keywords: <\/b><\/span><\/i>solidarity clause; special mandate; exceeding the limits of the mandate; mortgage agreement; nulity<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_accordion_item][et_pb_accordion_item title=”AI Literacy and other Obligations for the Employer stemming from the AI Act. Compliance Aspects” _builder_version=”4.25.1″ link_option_url=”http:\/\/businesslawjournal.rsbl.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/06_CHITORAN.pdf” link_option_url_new_window=”on” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” open=”off” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n Author: <\/strong>drd. Lumini\u021ba CHI\u021aORAN<\/strong><\/p>\n \u0218coala Doctoral\u0103 Drept, Academia de Studii Economice din Bucure\u0219ti<\/p>\n DOI: 10.24818\/EBLJ\/2024\/3\/1.05<\/strong><\/p>\n Abstract:<\/b><\/p>\n The new Regulation on Artificial Intelligence is already partially in force and it is particularly important for any company that places on the market, puts into operation or otherwise uses artificial intelligence systems within the European Union to be aware of the newly introduced obligations.<\/em><\/p>\n According to some studies, both at the official and private levels, more than half of companies are already using AI, and according to some estimates around 90% are actively analyzing ways in which they can use this technology in their current work. Keeping this in mind, in the very near future it can be reasonably assumed that all companies operating in or with partners in the EU will have obligations under the Regulation.<\/em><\/p>\n This material examines the most recently implemented obligations from an employment relations perspective, the timeline for their implementation and identifies some potential measures that employers could take to comply.<\/em><\/p>\n Keywords<\/b>: <\/i><\/b><\/span><\/i>artificial intelligence, AI Regulation, GDPR, personal data protection, human rights, workers’ rights<\/span><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_accordion_item][et_pb_accordion_item title=”Draghi Plan and Implications for the European Legislative Framework” _builder_version=”4.25.1″ link_option_url=”http:\/\/businesslawjournal.rsbl.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/07_-CHIRIta.pdf” link_option_url_new_window=”on” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” open=”on” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n Author: <\/strong>PHD Candidate CHIRI\u021a\u0102 Costin R\u0103zvan<\/strong><\/p>\n Faculty of Law, Academy of Economic Studies Faculty of Law<\/b><\/p>\n Abstract: <\/b>The paper analyzes the “The Future of European Competitiveness” report (Draghi Plan, September 2024) from a dual perspective\u2014economic and legal-institutional\u2014to assess how its recommendations reconfigure the European Union’s (EU) legislative framework for the 2025-2030 period. The research pursues three objectives: (i) mapping the Draghi proposals along the axes of investment-financing, state aid, single market, and economic governance; (ii) identifying the legal instruments through which the Commission and the Council are attempting to transpose these proposals; and (iii) measuring the potential impact on internal market cohesion and fiscal discipline. The methodology combines content analysis of the Draghi report and official documents (proposals for regulations, own resources decisions, state aid guidelines), semi-structured interviews with 22 European decision-makers, and a counterfactual DSGE exercise modeling the effect of introducing a European Competitiveness Fund financed by common debt of 1% of GDP\/year.<\/em><\/p>\n The study’s contribution is threefold: it demonstrates the direct link between a technocratic report and an accelerated European legislative agenda; it highlights the tensions between expanding industrial policy and protecting the integrity of the internal market; and it provides an empirical framework to quantify the fiscal trade-offs involved in debt mutualization. The conclusion emphasizes that the success of the Draghi Plan depends not only on the proposed legal architecture but also on the political consensus regarding risk-sharing and maintaining a minimum level of intra-community competition.<\/em><\/p>\n Keywords: <\/i><\/b>Draghi Plan; European competitiveness; European Competitiveness Fund; EU industrial policy; state aid;<\/span><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_accordion_item][et_pb_accordion_item title=”Proprietary Estoppel, Unconscionable Conduct, and the Contractual Default in Vendor Purchaser Agreements. A Comparative Approach of Common Law Courts in UK and the US” _builder_version=”4.25.1″ link_option_url=”http:\/\/businesslawjournal.rsbl.ro\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/08_Proprietary-estoppel-unconscionable-conduct-and-the-contractual-default-in-vendor-purchaser-agreements.pdf” link_option_url_new_window=”on” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” open=”on” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n Author: <\/strong>Phd Student Zia AKHTAR\u00a0<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n LLB (Lon), LLM (Lon), Gray\u2019s Inn, Phd Coventry University, Phd candidate Hasselt University\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Abstract: <\/b>There are different types of equitable estoppel under English law including promissory estoppel, estoppel by convention and proprietary estoppel. There are various types of estoppel under English law that exist under the doctrine of proprietary estoppel in the context of a trust in land. In a vendor\u2013purchaser constructive trust (VPCT) the purchaser holds the beneficial interest and the vendor becomes a trustee in a qualified sense or as a quasi-trustee in the sale of land. The equitable interests of both vendor and purchaser are determined by the law to be specific in their share and they are restricted to the terms of the contract under which the trust arises. The English doctrine of equitable estoppel is comparable to the principle of promissory estoppel in United States legal doctrine, including the Statute of Fraud. Its protection is against fraudulent transfers based on the principle of equitable estoppel that has extended to the mixed jurisdiction of Louisiana, which has adopted the civil law remedies. The question that this research thesis poses is if unconscionable conduct in a sale of land can be determined with sufficient certainty in English law by giving rise to a constructive trust. This article adopts a comparative approach by taking account of the equitable principles in land transfers that be vitiated for fraud in American law.\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n Keywords: <\/b>Good faith, estoppel, vendor\u2013purchaser constructive trust (VPCT), UCC, Statute of Frauds, culpa in contrahendo.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span>DOI: 10.24818\/EBLJ\/2025\/4\/1.07\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n [\/et_pb_accordion_item][\/et_pb_accordion][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ admin_label=”Footer” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_color_gradient_direction=”90deg” custom_padding=”0px||100px||false|false” box_shadow_style=”preset7″ box_shadow_horizontal=”0px” box_shadow_vertical=”-180px” box_shadow_color=”#ffffff” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_3,1_3,1_3″ custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone” admin_label=”Row” _builder_version=”4.16″ background_color=”#ffffff” z_index=”10″ width=”100%” width_tablet=”” 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(EU) 1132\/2017, passed in 2019 and to be implemented by 2023, the article addresses the issue of connecting factors for companies in Europe, as elements capable of defining their nationality and, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/businesslawjournal.rsbl.ro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/477"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/businesslawjournal.rsbl.ro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/businesslawjournal.rsbl.ro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/businesslawjournal.rsbl.ro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/businesslawjournal.rsbl.ro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=477"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/businesslawjournal.rsbl.ro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/477\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":541,"href":"https:\/\/businesslawjournal.rsbl.ro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/477\/revisions\/541"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/businesslawjournal.rsbl.ro\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=477"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}Contact<\/h6>\n
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